A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_URI::$config is deprecated
Filename: core/URI.php
Line Number: 101
Backtrace:
File: /home/monstertest/public_html/alzaatari/index.php
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Router::$uri is deprecated
Filename: core/Router.php
Line Number: 127
Backtrace:
File: /home/monstertest/public_html/alzaatari/index.php
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property Researches::$benchmark is deprecated
Filename: core/Controller.php
Line Number: 75
Backtrace:
File: /home/monstertest/public_html/alzaatari/application/controllers/Researches.php
File: /home/monstertest/public_html/alzaatari/index.php
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property Researches::$hooks is deprecated
Filename: core/Controller.php
Line Number: 75
Backtrace:
File: /home/monstertest/public_html/alzaatari/application/controllers/Researches.php
File: /home/monstertest/public_html/alzaatari/index.php
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property Researches::$config is deprecated
Filename: core/Controller.php
Line Number: 75
Backtrace:
File: /home/monstertest/public_html/alzaatari/application/controllers/Researches.php
File: /home/monstertest/public_html/alzaatari/index.php
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property Researches::$log is deprecated
Filename: core/Controller.php
Line Number: 75
Backtrace:
File: /home/monstertest/public_html/alzaatari/application/controllers/Researches.php
File: /home/monstertest/public_html/alzaatari/index.php
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property Researches::$utf8 is deprecated
Filename: core/Controller.php
Line Number: 75
Backtrace:
File: /home/monstertest/public_html/alzaatari/application/controllers/Researches.php
File: /home/monstertest/public_html/alzaatari/index.php
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property Researches::$uri is deprecated
Filename: core/Controller.php
Line Number: 75
Backtrace:
File: /home/monstertest/public_html/alzaatari/application/controllers/Researches.php
File: /home/monstertest/public_html/alzaatari/index.php
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property Researches::$exceptions is deprecated
Filename: core/Controller.php
Line Number: 75
Backtrace:
File: /home/monstertest/public_html/alzaatari/application/controllers/Researches.php
File: /home/monstertest/public_html/alzaatari/index.php
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property Researches::$router is deprecated
Filename: core/Controller.php
Line Number: 75
Backtrace:
File: /home/monstertest/public_html/alzaatari/application/controllers/Researches.php
File: /home/monstertest/public_html/alzaatari/index.php
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property Researches::$output is deprecated
Filename: core/Controller.php
Line Number: 75
Backtrace:
File: /home/monstertest/public_html/alzaatari/application/controllers/Researches.php
File: /home/monstertest/public_html/alzaatari/index.php
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property Researches::$security is deprecated
Filename: core/Controller.php
Line Number: 75
Backtrace:
File: /home/monstertest/public_html/alzaatari/application/controllers/Researches.php
File: /home/monstertest/public_html/alzaatari/index.php
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property Researches::$input is deprecated
Filename: core/Controller.php
Line Number: 75
Backtrace:
File: /home/monstertest/public_html/alzaatari/application/controllers/Researches.php
File: /home/monstertest/public_html/alzaatari/index.php
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property Researches::$lang is deprecated
Filename: core/Controller.php
Line Number: 75
Backtrace:
File: /home/monstertest/public_html/alzaatari/application/controllers/Researches.php
File: /home/monstertest/public_html/alzaatari/index.php
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property Researches::$load is deprecated
Filename: core/Controller.php
Line Number: 78
Backtrace:
File: /home/monstertest/public_html/alzaatari/application/controllers/Researches.php
File: /home/monstertest/public_html/alzaatari/index.php
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property Researches::$db is deprecated
Filename: core/Loader.php
Line Number: 390
Backtrace:
File: /home/monstertest/public_html/alzaatari/application/controllers/Researches.php
File: /home/monstertest/public_html/alzaatari/index.php
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_DB_mysqli_driver::$failover is deprecated
Filename: database/DB_driver.php
Line Number: 371
Backtrace:
File: /home/monstertest/public_html/alzaatari/application/controllers/Researches.php
File: /home/monstertest/public_html/alzaatari/index.php
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Return type of CI_Session_files_driver::open($save_path, $name) should either be compatible with SessionHandlerInterface::open(string $path, string $name): bool, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice
Filename: drivers/Session_files_driver.php
Line Number: 113
Backtrace:
File: /home/monstertest/public_html/alzaatari/application/controllers/Researches.php
File: /home/monstertest/public_html/alzaatari/index.php
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Return type of CI_Session_files_driver::close() should either be compatible with SessionHandlerInterface::close(): bool, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice
Filename: drivers/Session_files_driver.php
Line Number: 280
Backtrace:
File: /home/monstertest/public_html/alzaatari/application/controllers/Researches.php
File: /home/monstertest/public_html/alzaatari/index.php
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Return type of CI_Session_files_driver::read($session_id) should either be compatible with SessionHandlerInterface::read(string $id): string|false, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice
Filename: drivers/Session_files_driver.php
Line Number: 145
Backtrace:
File: /home/monstertest/public_html/alzaatari/application/controllers/Researches.php
File: /home/monstertest/public_html/alzaatari/index.php
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Return type of CI_Session_files_driver::write($session_id, $session_data) should either be compatible with SessionHandlerInterface::write(string $id, string $data): bool, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice
Filename: drivers/Session_files_driver.php
Line Number: 223
Backtrace:
File: /home/monstertest/public_html/alzaatari/application/controllers/Researches.php
File: /home/monstertest/public_html/alzaatari/index.php
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Return type of CI_Session_files_driver::destroy($session_id) should either be compatible with SessionHandlerInterface::destroy(string $id): bool, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice
Filename: drivers/Session_files_driver.php
Line Number: 303
Backtrace:
File: /home/monstertest/public_html/alzaatari/application/controllers/Researches.php
File: /home/monstertest/public_html/alzaatari/index.php
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Return type of CI_Session_files_driver::gc($maxlifetime) should either be compatible with SessionHandlerInterface::gc(int $max_lifetime): int|false, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice
Filename: drivers/Session_files_driver.php
Line Number: 344
Backtrace:
File: /home/monstertest/public_html/alzaatari/application/controllers/Researches.php
File: /home/monstertest/public_html/alzaatari/index.php
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: Warning
Message: ini_set(): Session ini settings cannot be changed after headers have already been sent
Filename: Session/Session.php
Line Number: 281
Backtrace:
File: /home/monstertest/public_html/alzaatari/application/controllers/Researches.php
File: /home/monstertest/public_html/alzaatari/index.php
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: Warning
Message: session_set_cookie_params(): Session cookie parameters cannot be changed after headers have already been sent
Filename: Session/Session.php
Line Number: 288
Backtrace:
File: /home/monstertest/public_html/alzaatari/application/controllers/Researches.php
File: /home/monstertest/public_html/alzaatari/index.php
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: Warning
Message: ini_set(): Session ini settings cannot be changed after headers have already been sent
Filename: Session/Session.php
Line Number: 303
Backtrace:
File: /home/monstertest/public_html/alzaatari/application/controllers/Researches.php
File: /home/monstertest/public_html/alzaatari/index.php
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: Warning
Message: ini_set(): Session ini settings cannot be changed after headers have already been sent
Filename: Session/Session.php
Line Number: 313
Backtrace:
File: /home/monstertest/public_html/alzaatari/application/controllers/Researches.php
File: /home/monstertest/public_html/alzaatari/index.php
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: Warning
Message: ini_set(): Session ini settings cannot be changed after headers have already been sent
Filename: Session/Session.php
Line Number: 314
Backtrace:
File: /home/monstertest/public_html/alzaatari/application/controllers/Researches.php
File: /home/monstertest/public_html/alzaatari/index.php
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: Warning
Message: ini_set(): Session ini settings cannot be changed after headers have already been sent
Filename: Session/Session.php
Line Number: 315
Backtrace:
File: /home/monstertest/public_html/alzaatari/application/controllers/Researches.php
File: /home/monstertest/public_html/alzaatari/index.php
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: Warning
Message: ini_set(): Session ini settings cannot be changed after headers have already been sent
Filename: Session/Session.php
Line Number: 316
Backtrace:
File: /home/monstertest/public_html/alzaatari/application/controllers/Researches.php
File: /home/monstertest/public_html/alzaatari/index.php
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: Warning
Message: ini_set(): Session ini settings cannot be changed after headers have already been sent
Filename: drivers/Session_files_driver.php
Line Number: 94
Backtrace:
File: /home/monstertest/public_html/alzaatari/application/controllers/Researches.php
File: /home/monstertest/public_html/alzaatari/index.php
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: Warning
Message: session_set_save_handler(): Session save handler cannot be changed after headers have already been sent
Filename: Session/Session.php
Line Number: 107
Backtrace:
File: /home/monstertest/public_html/alzaatari/application/controllers/Researches.php
File: /home/monstertest/public_html/alzaatari/index.php
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: Warning
Message: session_start(): Session cannot be started after headers have already been sent
Filename: Session/Session.php
Line Number: 140
Backtrace:
File: /home/monstertest/public_html/alzaatari/application/controllers/Researches.php
File: /home/monstertest/public_html/alzaatari/index.php
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property Researches::$session is deprecated
Filename: core/Loader.php
Line Number: 1290
Backtrace:
File: /home/monstertest/public_html/alzaatari/application/controllers/Researches.php
File: /home/monstertest/public_html/alzaatari/index.php
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Optional parameter $num declared before required parameter $category_id is implicitly treated as a required parameter
Filename: models/MResearches.php
Line Number: 32
Backtrace:
File: /home/monstertest/public_html/alzaatari/application/controllers/Researches.php
File: /home/monstertest/public_html/alzaatari/index.php
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Optional parameter $offset declared before required parameter $category_id is implicitly treated as a required parameter
Filename: models/MResearches.php
Line Number: 0
Backtrace:
File: /home/monstertest/public_html/alzaatari/application/controllers/Researches.php
File: /home/monstertest/public_html/alzaatari/index.php
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Optional parameter $num declared before required parameter $category_id is implicitly treated as a required parameter
Filename: models/MResearches.php
Line Number: 83
Backtrace:
File: /home/monstertest/public_html/alzaatari/application/controllers/Researches.php
File: /home/monstertest/public_html/alzaatari/index.php
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Optional parameter $offset declared before required parameter $category_id is implicitly treated as a required parameter
Filename: models/MResearches.php
Line Number: 0
Backtrace:
File: /home/monstertest/public_html/alzaatari/application/controllers/Researches.php
File: /home/monstertest/public_html/alzaatari/index.php
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property Researches::$MResearches is deprecated
Filename: core/Loader.php
Line Number: 353
Backtrace:
File: /home/monstertest/public_html/alzaatari/application/controllers/Researches.php
File: /home/monstertest/public_html/alzaatari/index.php
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property Researches::$MResearchesCategories is deprecated
Filename: core/Loader.php
Line Number: 353
Backtrace:
File: /home/monstertest/public_html/alzaatari/application/controllers/Researches.php
File: /home/monstertest/public_html/alzaatari/index.php
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property Researches::$MSettings is deprecated
Filename: core/Loader.php
Line Number: 353
Backtrace:
File: /home/monstertest/public_html/alzaatari/application/controllers/Researches.php
File: /home/monstertest/public_html/alzaatari/index.php
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Loader::$benchmark is deprecated
Filename: core/Loader.php
Line Number: 925
Backtrace:
File: /home/monstertest/public_html/alzaatari/application/controllers/Researches.php
File: /home/monstertest/public_html/alzaatari/index.php
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Loader::$hooks is deprecated
Filename: core/Loader.php
Line Number: 925
Backtrace:
File: /home/monstertest/public_html/alzaatari/application/controllers/Researches.php
File: /home/monstertest/public_html/alzaatari/index.php
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Loader::$config is deprecated
Filename: core/Loader.php
Line Number: 925
Backtrace:
File: /home/monstertest/public_html/alzaatari/application/controllers/Researches.php
File: /home/monstertest/public_html/alzaatari/index.php
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Loader::$log is deprecated
Filename: core/Loader.php
Line Number: 925
Backtrace:
File: /home/monstertest/public_html/alzaatari/application/controllers/Researches.php
File: /home/monstertest/public_html/alzaatari/index.php
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Loader::$utf8 is deprecated
Filename: core/Loader.php
Line Number: 925
Backtrace:
File: /home/monstertest/public_html/alzaatari/application/controllers/Researches.php
File: /home/monstertest/public_html/alzaatari/index.php
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Loader::$uri is deprecated
Filename: core/Loader.php
Line Number: 925
Backtrace:
File: /home/monstertest/public_html/alzaatari/application/controllers/Researches.php
File: /home/monstertest/public_html/alzaatari/index.php
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Loader::$exceptions is deprecated
Filename: core/Loader.php
Line Number: 925
Backtrace:
File: /home/monstertest/public_html/alzaatari/application/controllers/Researches.php
File: /home/monstertest/public_html/alzaatari/index.php
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Loader::$router is deprecated
Filename: core/Loader.php
Line Number: 925
Backtrace:
File: /home/monstertest/public_html/alzaatari/application/controllers/Researches.php
File: /home/monstertest/public_html/alzaatari/index.php
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Loader::$output is deprecated
Filename: core/Loader.php
Line Number: 925
Backtrace:
File: /home/monstertest/public_html/alzaatari/application/controllers/Researches.php
File: /home/monstertest/public_html/alzaatari/index.php
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Loader::$security is deprecated
Filename: core/Loader.php
Line Number: 925
Backtrace:
File: /home/monstertest/public_html/alzaatari/application/controllers/Researches.php
File: /home/monstertest/public_html/alzaatari/index.php
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Loader::$input is deprecated
Filename: core/Loader.php
Line Number: 925
Backtrace:
File: /home/monstertest/public_html/alzaatari/application/controllers/Researches.php
File: /home/monstertest/public_html/alzaatari/index.php
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Loader::$lang is deprecated
Filename: core/Loader.php
Line Number: 925
Backtrace:
File: /home/monstertest/public_html/alzaatari/application/controllers/Researches.php
File: /home/monstertest/public_html/alzaatari/index.php
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Loader::$load is deprecated
Filename: core/Loader.php
Line Number: 925
Backtrace:
File: /home/monstertest/public_html/alzaatari/application/controllers/Researches.php
File: /home/monstertest/public_html/alzaatari/index.php
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Loader::$db is deprecated
Filename: core/Loader.php
Line Number: 925
Backtrace:
File: /home/monstertest/public_html/alzaatari/application/controllers/Researches.php
File: /home/monstertest/public_html/alzaatari/index.php
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Loader::$session is deprecated
Filename: core/Loader.php
Line Number: 925
Backtrace:
File: /home/monstertest/public_html/alzaatari/application/controllers/Researches.php
File: /home/monstertest/public_html/alzaatari/index.php
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Loader::$MResearches is deprecated
Filename: core/Loader.php
Line Number: 925
Backtrace:
File: /home/monstertest/public_html/alzaatari/application/controllers/Researches.php
File: /home/monstertest/public_html/alzaatari/index.php
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Loader::$MResearchesCategories is deprecated
Filename: core/Loader.php
Line Number: 925
Backtrace:
File: /home/monstertest/public_html/alzaatari/application/controllers/Researches.php
File: /home/monstertest/public_html/alzaatari/index.php
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Loader::$MSettings is deprecated
Filename: core/Loader.php
Line Number: 925
Backtrace:
File: /home/monstertest/public_html/alzaatari/application/controllers/Researches.php
File: /home/monstertest/public_html/alzaatari/index.php
موقع الشيخ علاء الدين الزعتري | اقتصاديات البحث العلمي والتكنولوجيا في العالم العربي
اقتصاديات البحث العلمي والتكنولوجيا في العالم العربي
اقتصاديات البحث العلمي والتكنولوجيا في العالم العربي
الدكتور علاء الدين زعتري
أستاذ الفقه المقارن والاقتصاد الإسلامي في سورية ولبنان
E.Mail: alzatari@scs-net.org
يواجه البحث العلمي في الدول العربية والإسلامية تحديات ومشاكل جسيمة، منها ما يتعلق بالإنفاق، ومنها ما يتعلق بالعلاقة بين المنتج والمستهلك، ومنها ما يتصل بالموارد البشرية، ومنها ما يتصل بهجرة الأدمغة، وإليك التفصيل:
¨ ضعف الإنفاق على البحث العلمي، فحجم مساهمة البلدان العربية من الإنتاج العلمي العالمي، الذي يصل إلى نحو 5،3 مليون مقالة علمية، يقل عن واحد في المئة، فالبلدان العربية تنفق 02،0% من ناتجها المحلي للبحث العلمي، بينما تبلغ النسبة 1،3 % في اليابان، و7،2 % في الولايات المتحدة الأميركية و9،1 % في الاتحاد الأوروبي، كما أن الدول العربية لا تساهم سوى بنسبة 4،0 في المئة من حجم 470 مليار دولار التي يخصصها العالم للبحث العلمي وتنمية التكنولوجيا، وعلى سبيل المثال: بلغ مجموع نفقات البحوث والتطوير في العالم سنة 1990م نحو 350 بليون دولار، منها نحو 160 بليون دولار أنفقتها الولايات المتحدة لوحدها، و5 بليون دولار فقط أنفقتها بلدان العالم الثالث مجتمعة، وبدراسة مقارنة بين منهجيات البحث العلمي في العالم العربي وإسرائيل، تؤكد الدراسات والإحصاءات بأن هناك اهتماماً كبيراً في مجالات البحث والتطوير Research and Development أو (R&D ) اختصاراً، حيث تحتل إسرائيل المركز الرابع في العالم في لمجالات التكنولوجيا، فقد أنفقت ما نسبته 2.43 % من دخلها القومي الإجمالي في العام 1989م، بينما أنفقت ألمانيا ما نسبته 2.89 %، وأنفقت اليابان 2.69 % وقد حافظت إسرائيل على هذه النسبة من الإنفاق.
¨ زيادة الفجوة التكنولوجية بين المنتج في العالم غير الإسلامي، والمستهلك المستثمر للتكنولوجيا في الدول العربية والإسلامية، وتكريس التبعية التكنولوجية للغرب وعدم تمكين البلاد العربية والإسلامية من الحصول على التكنولوجيا الحديثة، فالدول الغربية في الغالب تمنع تصدير كثيراً من التكنولوجيات إلى الدول العربية والإسلامية تحت ذريعة منع هذه الدول من استخدام هذه التكنولوجيات في صناعة أسلحة "الدمار الشامل"، أو أن اقتصاديات الدول العربية لا تزال غير مهيأة وغير قادرة على استيعاب هذه التكنولوجيات، وفي حال تصدير التكنولوجيا فإنها تصدِّر التكنولوجيا المتقادمة لاستنـزاف موارد البلدان العربية والإسلامية في مجالات غير مجدية.
¨ معاناة البلاد العربية من النقص في الموارد البشرية العاملة في حقل البحث العلمي والكفاءات العلمية المتخصصة، فمعدل العلماء الباحثين في البلدان العربية والإسلامية ضعيف بالنسبة لعدد السكان، وهو في كل الحالات أقل من المعدلات العالمية التي قد تصل في البلاد المتقدمة إلى 3000 باحث لكل مليون من السكان.
¨ زيادة هجرة العقول والكفاءات العربية والإسلامية إلى الغرب، فقد خسرت البلاد العربية منذ منتصف السبعينات أكثر من 400 ألف من العلماء والمتخصصين والذين قدَّموا للغرب مساهمات وابتكارات مذهلة، وتشير الإحصاءات المأخوذة من الدراسات التي قامت بها جامعة الدول العربية ومنظمة العمل العربية ومنظمة اليونسكو وبعض المنظمات الدولية والإقليمية المهتمة بهذه الظاهرة إلى الحقائق التالية:
يساهم الوطن العربية في ثلث هجرة الكفاءات من البلدان النامية.
إن 50 % من الأطباء و23% من المهندسين و15% من العلماء من مجموع الكفاءات العربية المتخرجة يهاجرون متوجهين إلى أوروبا والولايات المتحدة، وكندا بوجه خاص.
إن 54% من الطلاب العرب الذين يدرسون في الخارج لا يعودون إلى بلدانهم.
يشكل الأطباء العرب العاملون في بريطانيا حوالي 34% من مجموع الأطباء العاملين فيها.
إن ثلاث دول غربية غنية هي الولايات المتحدة وكندا وبريطانيا تصطاد 75% من المهاجرين العرب.
بلغت الخسائر التي منيت بها البلدان العربية من جراء هجرة الأدمغة العربية 11 مليار دولار في عقد السبعينات.
عدد القراء : 248
